/*
   Copyright The containerd Authors.

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.
*/

/*
   Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
   Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
   license that can be found in the NOTICE.md file.
*/

package layer

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/pkg/reference"
	"github.com/containerd/log"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/cache"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz/zstdchunked"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/fs/config"
	commonmetrics "github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/fs/metrics/common"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/fs/reader"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/fs/remote"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/fs/source"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/metadata"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/task"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/util/cacheutil"
	"github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/util/namedmutex"
	fusefs "github.com/hanwen/go-fuse/v2/fs"
	digest "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
)

const (
	defaultResolveResultEntryTTLSec = 120
	defaultMaxLRUCacheEntry         = 10
	defaultMaxCacheFds              = 10
	defaultPrefetchTimeoutSec       = 10
	memoryCacheType                 = "memory"
)

// Layer represents a layer.
type Layer interface {
	// Info returns the information of this layer.
	Info() Info

	// RootNode returns the root node of this layer.
	RootNode(baseInode uint32) (fusefs.InodeEmbedder, error)

	// Check checks if the layer is still connectable.
	Check() error

	// Refresh refreshes the layer connection.
	Refresh(ctx context.Context, hosts source.RegistryHosts, refspec reference.Spec, desc ocispec.Descriptor) error

	// Verify verifies this layer using the passed TOC Digest.
	// Nop if Verify() or SkipVerify() was already called.
	Verify(tocDigest digest.Digest) (err error)

	// SkipVerify skips verification for this layer.
	// Nop if Verify() or SkipVerify() was already called.
	SkipVerify()

	// Prefetch prefetches the specified size. If the layer is eStargz and contains landmark files,
	// the range indicated by these files is respected.
	Prefetch(prefetchSize int64) error

	// ReadAt reads this layer.
	ReadAt([]byte, int64, ...remote.Option) (int, error)

	// WaitForPrefetchCompletion waits untils Prefetch completes.
	WaitForPrefetchCompletion() error

	// BackgroundFetch fetches the entire layer contents to the cache.
	// Fetching contents is done as a background task.
	BackgroundFetch() error

	// Done releases the reference to this layer. The resources related to this layer will be
	// discarded sooner or later. Queries after calling this function won't be serviced.
	Done()
}

// Info is the current status of a layer.
type Info struct {
	Digest       digest.Digest
	Size         int64     // layer size in bytes
	FetchedSize  int64     // layer fetched size in bytes
	PrefetchSize int64     // layer prefetch size in bytes
	ReadTime     time.Time // last time the layer was read
	TOCDigest    digest.Digest
}

// Resolver resolves the layer location and provieds the handler of that layer.
type Resolver struct {
	rootDir                 string
	resolver                *remote.Resolver
	prefetchTimeout         time.Duration
	layerCache              *cacheutil.TTLCache
	layerCacheMu            sync.Mutex
	blobCache               *cacheutil.TTLCache
	blobCacheMu             sync.Mutex
	backgroundTaskManager   *task.BackgroundTaskManager
	resolveLock             *namedmutex.NamedMutex
	config                  config.Config
	metadataStore           metadata.Store
	overlayOpaqueType       OverlayOpaqueType
	additionalDecompressors func(context.Context, source.RegistryHosts, reference.Spec, ocispec.Descriptor) []metadata.Decompressor
}

// NewResolver returns a new layer resolver.
func NewResolver(root string, backgroundTaskManager *task.BackgroundTaskManager, cfg config.Config, resolveHandlers map[string]remote.Handler, metadataStore metadata.Store, overlayOpaqueType OverlayOpaqueType, additionalDecompressors func(context.Context, source.RegistryHosts, reference.Spec, ocispec.Descriptor) []metadata.Decompressor) (*Resolver, error) {
	resolveResultEntryTTL := time.Duration(cfg.ResolveResultEntryTTLSec) * time.Second
	if resolveResultEntryTTL == 0 {
		resolveResultEntryTTL = defaultResolveResultEntryTTLSec * time.Second
	}
	prefetchTimeout := time.Duration(cfg.PrefetchTimeoutSec) * time.Second
	if prefetchTimeout == 0 {
		prefetchTimeout = defaultPrefetchTimeoutSec * time.Second
	}

	// layerCache caches resolved layers for future use. This is useful in a use-case where
	// the filesystem resolves and caches all layers in an image (not only queried one) in parallel,
	// before they are actually queried.
	layerCache := cacheutil.NewTTLCache(resolveResultEntryTTL)
	layerCache.OnEvicted = func(key string, value interface{}) {
		if err := value.(*layer).close(); err != nil {
			log.L.WithField("key", key).WithError(err).Warnf("failed to clean up layer")
			return
		}
		log.L.WithField("key", key).Debugf("cleaned up layer")
	}

	// blobCache caches resolved blobs for futural use. This is especially useful when a layer
	// isn't eStargz/stargz (the *layer object won't be created/cached in this case).
	blobCache := cacheutil.NewTTLCache(resolveResultEntryTTL)
	blobCache.OnEvicted = func(key string, value interface{}) {
		if err := value.(remote.Blob).Close(); err != nil {
			log.L.WithField("key", key).WithError(err).Warnf("failed to clean up blob")
			return
		}
		log.L.WithField("key", key).Debugf("cleaned up blob")
	}

	if err := os.MkdirAll(root, 0700); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return &Resolver{
		rootDir:                 root,
		resolver:                remote.NewResolver(cfg.BlobConfig, resolveHandlers),
		layerCache:              layerCache,
		blobCache:               blobCache,
		prefetchTimeout:         prefetchTimeout,
		backgroundTaskManager:   backgroundTaskManager,
		config:                  cfg,
		resolveLock:             new(namedmutex.NamedMutex),
		metadataStore:           metadataStore,
		overlayOpaqueType:       overlayOpaqueType,
		additionalDecompressors: additionalDecompressors,
	}, nil
}

func newCache(root string, cacheType string, cfg config.Config) (cache.BlobCache, error) {
	if cacheType == memoryCacheType {
		return cache.NewMemoryCache(), nil
	}

	dcc := cfg.DirectoryCacheConfig
	maxDataEntry := dcc.MaxLRUCacheEntry
	if maxDataEntry == 0 {
		maxDataEntry = defaultMaxLRUCacheEntry
	}
	maxFdEntry := dcc.MaxCacheFds
	if maxFdEntry == 0 {
		maxFdEntry = defaultMaxCacheFds
	}

	bufPool := &sync.Pool{
		New: func() interface{} {
			return new(bytes.Buffer)
		},
	}
	dCache, fCache := cacheutil.NewLRUCache(maxDataEntry), cacheutil.NewLRUCache(maxFdEntry)
	dCache.OnEvicted = func(key string, value interface{}) {
		value.(*bytes.Buffer).Reset()
		bufPool.Put(value)
	}
	fCache.OnEvicted = func(key string, value interface{}) {
		value.(*os.File).Close()
	}
	// create a cache on an unique directory
	if err := os.MkdirAll(root, 0700); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	cachePath, err := os.MkdirTemp(root, "")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize directory cache: %w", err)
	}
	return cache.NewDirectoryCache(
		cachePath,
		cache.DirectoryCacheConfig{
			SyncAdd:   dcc.SyncAdd,
			DataCache: dCache,
			FdCache:   fCache,
			BufPool:   bufPool,
			Direct:    dcc.Direct,
		},
	)
}

// Resolve resolves a layer based on the passed layer blob information.
func (r *Resolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, hosts source.RegistryHosts, refspec reference.Spec, desc ocispec.Descriptor, esgzOpts ...metadata.Option) (_ Layer, retErr error) {
	name := refspec.String() + "/" + desc.Digest.String()

	// Wait if resolving this layer is already running. The result
	// can hopefully get from the cache.
	r.resolveLock.Lock(name)
	defer r.resolveLock.Unlock(name)

	ctx = log.WithLogger(ctx, log.G(ctx).WithField("src", name))

	// First, try to retrieve this layer from the underlying cache.
	r.layerCacheMu.Lock()
	c, done, ok := r.layerCache.Get(name)
	r.layerCacheMu.Unlock()
	if ok {
		if l := c.(*layer); l.Check() == nil {
			log.G(ctx).Debugf("hit layer cache %q", name)
			return &layerRef{l, done}, nil
		}
		// Cached layer is invalid
		done()
		r.layerCacheMu.Lock()
		r.layerCache.Remove(name)
		r.layerCacheMu.Unlock()
	}

	log.G(ctx).Debugf("resolving")

	// Resolve the blob.
	blobR, err := r.resolveBlob(ctx, hosts, refspec, desc)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve the blob: %w", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		if retErr != nil {
			blobR.done()
		}
	}()

	fsCache, err := newCache(filepath.Join(r.rootDir, "fscache"), r.config.FSCacheType, r.config)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create fs cache: %w", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		if retErr != nil {
			fsCache.Close()
		}
	}()

	// Get a reader for stargz archive.
	// Each file's read operation is a prioritized task and all background tasks
	// will be stopped during the execution so this can avoid being disturbed for
	// NW traffic by background tasks.
	sr := io.NewSectionReader(readerAtFunc(func(p []byte, offset int64) (n int, err error) {
		r.backgroundTaskManager.DoPrioritizedTask()
		defer r.backgroundTaskManager.DonePrioritizedTask()
		return blobR.ReadAt(p, offset)
	}), 0, blobR.Size())
	// define telemetry hooks to measure latency metrics inside estargz package
	telemetry := metadata.Telemetry{
		GetFooterLatency: func(start time.Time) {
			commonmetrics.MeasureLatencyInMilliseconds(commonmetrics.StargzFooterGet, desc.Digest, start)
		},
		GetTocLatency: func(start time.Time) {
			commonmetrics.MeasureLatencyInMilliseconds(commonmetrics.StargzTocGet, desc.Digest, start)
		},
		DeserializeTocLatency: func(start time.Time) {
			commonmetrics.MeasureLatencyInMilliseconds(commonmetrics.DeserializeTocJSON, desc.Digest, start)
		},
	}

	additionalDecompressors := []metadata.Decompressor{new(zstdchunked.Decompressor)}
	if r.additionalDecompressors != nil {
		additionalDecompressors = append(additionalDecompressors, r.additionalDecompressors(ctx, hosts, refspec, desc)...)
	}
	meta, err := r.metadataStore(sr,
		append(esgzOpts, metadata.WithTelemetry(&telemetry), metadata.WithDecompressors(additionalDecompressors...))...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	vr, err := reader.NewReader(meta, fsCache, desc.Digest)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read layer: %w", err)
	}

	// Combine layer information together and cache it.
	l := newLayer(r, desc, blobR, vr)
	r.layerCacheMu.Lock()
	cachedL, done2, added := r.layerCache.Add(name, l)
	r.layerCacheMu.Unlock()
	if !added {
		l.close() // layer already exists in the cache. discrad this.
	}

	log.G(ctx).Debugf("resolved")
	return &layerRef{cachedL.(*layer), done2}, nil
}

// resolveBlob resolves a blob based on the passed layer blob information.
func (r *Resolver) resolveBlob(ctx context.Context, hosts source.RegistryHosts, refspec reference.Spec, desc ocispec.Descriptor) (_ *blobRef, retErr error) {
	name := refspec.String() + "/" + desc.Digest.String()

	// Try to retrieve the blob from the underlying cache.
	r.blobCacheMu.Lock()
	c, done, ok := r.blobCache.Get(name)
	r.blobCacheMu.Unlock()
	if ok {
		if blob := c.(remote.Blob); blob.Check() == nil {
			return &blobRef{blob, done}, nil
		}
		// invalid blob. discard this.
		done()
		r.blobCacheMu.Lock()
		r.blobCache.Remove(name)
		r.blobCacheMu.Unlock()
	}

	httpCache, err := newCache(filepath.Join(r.rootDir, "httpcache"), r.config.HTTPCacheType, r.config)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create http cache: %w", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		if retErr != nil {
			httpCache.Close()
		}
	}()

	// Resolve the blob and cache the result.
	b, err := r.resolver.Resolve(ctx, hosts, refspec, desc, httpCache)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve the source: %w", err)
	}
	r.blobCacheMu.Lock()
	cachedB, done, added := r.blobCache.Add(name, b)
	r.blobCacheMu.Unlock()
	if !added {
		b.Close() // blob already exists in the cache. discard this.
	}
	return &blobRef{cachedB.(remote.Blob), done}, nil
}

func newLayer(
	resolver *Resolver,
	desc ocispec.Descriptor,
	blob *blobRef,
	vr *reader.VerifiableReader,
) *layer {
	return &layer{
		resolver:         resolver,
		desc:             desc,
		blob:             blob,
		verifiableReader: vr,
		prefetchWaiter:   newWaiter(),
	}
}

type layer struct {
	resolver         *Resolver
	desc             ocispec.Descriptor
	blob             *blobRef
	verifiableReader *reader.VerifiableReader
	prefetchWaiter   *waiter

	prefetchSize   int64
	prefetchSizeMu sync.Mutex

	r reader.Reader

	closed   bool
	closedMu sync.Mutex

	prefetchOnce        sync.Once
	backgroundFetchOnce sync.Once
}

func (l *layer) Info() Info {
	var readTime time.Time
	if l.r != nil {
		readTime = l.r.LastOnDemandReadTime()
	}
	return Info{
		Digest:       l.desc.Digest,
		Size:         l.blob.Size(),
		FetchedSize:  l.blob.FetchedSize(),
		PrefetchSize: l.prefetchedSize(),
		ReadTime:     readTime,
		TOCDigest:    l.verifiableReader.Metadata().TOCDigest(),
	}
}

func (l *layer) prefetchedSize() int64 {
	l.prefetchSizeMu.Lock()
	sz := l.prefetchSize
	l.prefetchSizeMu.Unlock()
	return sz
}

func (l *layer) Check() error {
	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	return l.blob.Check()
}

func (l *layer) Refresh(ctx context.Context, hosts source.RegistryHosts, refspec reference.Spec, desc ocispec.Descriptor) error {
	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	return l.blob.Refresh(ctx, hosts, refspec, desc)
}

func (l *layer) Verify(tocDigest digest.Digest) (err error) {
	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	if l.r != nil {
		return nil
	}
	l.r, err = l.verifiableReader.VerifyTOC(tocDigest)
	return
}

func (l *layer) SkipVerify() {
	if l.r != nil {
		return
	}
	l.r = l.verifiableReader.SkipVerify()
}

func (l *layer) Prefetch(prefetchSize int64) (err error) {
	l.prefetchOnce.Do(func() {
		ctx := context.Background()
		l.resolver.backgroundTaskManager.DoPrioritizedTask()
		defer l.resolver.backgroundTaskManager.DonePrioritizedTask()
		err = l.prefetch(ctx, prefetchSize)
		if err != nil {
			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Warnf("failed to prefetch layer=%v", l.desc.Digest)
			return
		}
		log.G(ctx).Debug("completed to prefetch")
	})
	return
}

func (l *layer) prefetch(ctx context.Context, prefetchSize int64) error {
	defer l.prefetchWaiter.done() // Notify the completion
	// Measuring the total time to complete prefetch (use defer func() because l.Info().PrefetchSize is set later)
	start := time.Now()
	defer func() {
		commonmetrics.WriteLatencyWithBytesLogValue(ctx, l.desc.Digest, commonmetrics.PrefetchTotal, start, commonmetrics.PrefetchSize, l.prefetchedSize())
	}()

	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	rootID := l.verifiableReader.Metadata().RootID()
	if _, _, err := l.verifiableReader.Metadata().GetChild(rootID, estargz.NoPrefetchLandmark); err == nil {
		// do not prefetch this layer
		return nil
	} else if id, _, err := l.verifiableReader.Metadata().GetChild(rootID, estargz.PrefetchLandmark); err == nil {
		offset, err := l.verifiableReader.Metadata().GetOffset(id)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get offset of prefetch landmark: %w", err)
		}
		// override the prefetch size with optimized value
		prefetchSize = offset
	} else if prefetchSize > l.blob.Size() {
		// adjust prefetch size not to exceed the whole layer size
		prefetchSize = l.blob.Size()
	}

	// Fetch the target range
	downloadStart := time.Now()
	err := l.blob.Cache(0, prefetchSize)
	commonmetrics.WriteLatencyLogValue(ctx, l.desc.Digest, commonmetrics.PrefetchDownload, downloadStart) // time to download prefetch data

	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to prefetch layer: %w", err)
	}

	// Set prefetch size for metrics after prefetch completed
	l.prefetchSizeMu.Lock()
	l.prefetchSize = prefetchSize
	l.prefetchSizeMu.Unlock()

	// Cache uncompressed contents of the prefetched range
	decompressStart := time.Now()
	err = l.verifiableReader.Cache(reader.WithFilter(func(offset int64) bool {
		return offset < prefetchSize // Cache only prefetch target
	}))
	commonmetrics.WriteLatencyLogValue(ctx, l.desc.Digest, commonmetrics.PrefetchDecompress, decompressStart) // time to decompress prefetch data
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to cache prefetched layer: %w", err)
	}

	return nil
}

func (l *layer) WaitForPrefetchCompletion() error {
	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	return l.prefetchWaiter.wait(l.resolver.prefetchTimeout)
}

func (l *layer) BackgroundFetch() (err error) {
	l.backgroundFetchOnce.Do(func() {
		ctx := context.Background()
		err = l.backgroundFetch(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Warnf("failed to fetch whole layer=%v", l.desc.Digest)
			return
		}
		log.G(ctx).Debug("completed to fetch all layer data in background")
	})
	return
}

func (l *layer) backgroundFetch(ctx context.Context) error {
	defer commonmetrics.WriteLatencyLogValue(ctx, l.desc.Digest, commonmetrics.BackgroundFetchTotal, time.Now())
	if l.isClosed() {
		return fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	br := io.NewSectionReader(readerAtFunc(func(p []byte, offset int64) (retN int, retErr error) {
		l.resolver.backgroundTaskManager.InvokeBackgroundTask(func(ctx context.Context) {
			// Measuring the time to download background fetch data (in milliseconds)
			defer commonmetrics.MeasureLatencyInMilliseconds(commonmetrics.BackgroundFetchDownload, l.Info().Digest, time.Now()) // time to download background fetch data
			retN, retErr = l.blob.ReadAt(
				p,
				offset,
				remote.WithContext(ctx),              // Make cancellable
				remote.WithCacheOpts(cache.Direct()), // Do not pollute mem cache
			)
		}, 120*time.Second)
		return
	}), 0, l.blob.Size())
	defer commonmetrics.WriteLatencyLogValue(ctx, l.desc.Digest, commonmetrics.BackgroundFetchDecompress, time.Now()) // time to decompress background fetch data (in milliseconds)
	return l.verifiableReader.Cache(
		reader.WithReader(br),                // Read contents in background
		reader.WithCacheOpts(cache.Direct()), // Do not pollute mem cache
	)
}

func (l *layerRef) Done() {
	l.done()
}

func (l *layer) RootNode(baseInode uint32) (fusefs.InodeEmbedder, error) {
	if l.isClosed() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("layer is already closed")
	}
	if l.r == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("layer hasn't been verified yet")
	}
	return newNode(l.desc.Digest, l.r, l.blob, baseInode, l.resolver.overlayOpaqueType)
}

func (l *layer) ReadAt(p []byte, offset int64, opts ...remote.Option) (int, error) {
	return l.blob.ReadAt(p, offset, opts...)
}

func (l *layer) close() error {
	l.closedMu.Lock()
	defer l.closedMu.Unlock()
	if l.closed {
		return nil
	}
	l.closed = true
	defer l.blob.done() // Close reader first, then close the blob
	l.verifiableReader.Close()
	if l.r != nil {
		return l.r.Close()
	}
	return nil
}

func (l *layer) isClosed() bool {
	l.closedMu.Lock()
	closed := l.closed
	l.closedMu.Unlock()
	return closed
}

// blobRef is a reference to the blob in the cache. Calling `done` decreases the reference counter
// of this blob in the underlying cache. When nobody refers to the blob in the cache, resources bound
// to this blob will be discarded.
type blobRef struct {
	remote.Blob
	done func()
}

// layerRef is a reference to the layer in the cache. Calling `Done` or `done` decreases the
// reference counter of this blob in the underlying cache. When nobody refers to the layer in the
// cache, resources bound to this layer will be discarded.
type layerRef struct {
	*layer
	done func()
}

func newWaiter() *waiter {
	return &waiter{
		completionCond: sync.NewCond(&sync.Mutex{}),
	}
}

type waiter struct {
	isDone         bool
	isDoneMu       sync.Mutex
	completionCond *sync.Cond
}

func (w *waiter) done() {
	w.isDoneMu.Lock()
	w.isDone = true
	w.isDoneMu.Unlock()
	w.completionCond.Broadcast()
}

func (w *waiter) wait(timeout time.Duration) error {
	wait := func() <-chan struct{} {
		ch := make(chan struct{})
		go func() {
			w.isDoneMu.Lock()
			isDone := w.isDone
			w.isDoneMu.Unlock()

			w.completionCond.L.Lock()
			if !isDone {
				w.completionCond.Wait()
			}
			w.completionCond.L.Unlock()
			ch <- struct{}{}
		}()
		return ch
	}
	select {
	case <-time.After(timeout):
		w.isDoneMu.Lock()
		w.isDone = true
		w.isDoneMu.Unlock()
		w.completionCond.Broadcast()
		return fmt.Errorf("timeout(%v)", timeout)
	case <-wait():
		return nil
	}
}

type readerAtFunc func([]byte, int64) (int, error)

func (f readerAtFunc) ReadAt(p []byte, offset int64) (int, error) { return f(p, offset) }
